Trace Elements in Urolithiasis

Trace elements play an important role in the complex metabolic pathways in human system and their deficiency or in excess may cause disease. Many people all over the world including Pakistan are suffering from urolithiasis i.e. a disease related to urinary stones. The aim of this research study was to develop methods for calibrating the laboratory made standard of urinary calculi, blood and urine against which element were estimated and to see their role in urolithiasis. The work was carried out in such a way so as to classify the estimation of elements in patients and healthy persons.A further classification was also be made taking into consideration the age, sex, diet, water etc. These group were formed after acquiring sufficient data obtained from the survey work. A selected area of Karachi population was taken up in this study.The results were interpreted with respect to the correlation among the trace elements and the effect of each element in urolithiasis.This book which is based on a research study conducted in Karachi, Pakistan would be helpful to the researchers, students, pathologist and medical doctors for the treatment of this disease.