Synthesis and anticancer evaluation of carbazole and quinoxalines

The design and synthesis for different biological properties such as anticancer, apoptosis and PDE4 inhibition using new method ologies uncovering the early stage of drug discovery. Biological targeting apoptosis is an organized suicide program that begins when the mitochondria break down releasing cytochrome ¿c¿ into the cytoplasm. The cell shrinks and develops blebs on its surface. The cytoskeleton is destroyed and nuclear DNA is degraded. Ultimately, the cell breaks apart into membrane-wrapped cellular fragments called apoptotic bodies. The apoptotic bodies are engulfed by macrophages and subsequently removed from the tissue without leading to an inflammatory response. In view of their observed pharmacological properties and the fact that most cytotoxic anticancer agents are known to induce apoptosis the present class of PDE4 inhibitors seemed to have potential medicinal value. Although PDE4 is a focal target for inflammatory related diseases the dose limiting side effects of the PDE4 inhibitors. These research works are presented in five chapters of this book. We presented the particular biological targets of our interest, known chemical entities for those targets.