Spatial distributions of trace elements in the Rayfield Mining Town

In the present study (Book) we found that, in comparison to other trace metals, Ni and Cu in water posed the greatest environmental risk to biota and human being in water systems of the Rayfield, Nigeria. The greatest probabilities of environmental risk were 0.06 ppm (sample F), 0.05 ppm (samples J and K) and 0.04 ppm (samples C and H) concentrated values of Ni, and ~0.03 ppm (sample C) for Co. Other trace elements exhibited lesser probabilities of environmental risk with probabilities ranging from 0.00-0.06 ppm in waters of Rayfield, Nigeria. Thus, further studies are needed to determine whether concentrated response established for Ni and Co for the biota and human beings is binding in Rayfield and other mining vicinity in the region. In addition, comprehensive research should be carried out to monitor the potential source of contamination of trace elements within the various continental systems (e.g. water, soil, plant) using appropriate standard or yardstick to evaluate the contaminants (e.g. National Agency for Food and Drug Administration and Control - NAFDAC, WHO, UNESCO, UN, etc.). Nigerian Government should regulate environmental laws as applicable in the developed world.