Scientific Research I

I Approach and Tools.- 1. The Scientific Approach.- 1.1 Knowledge: Ordinary and Scientific.- 1.2 Scientific Method.- 1.3 Scientific Tactics.- 1.4 Branches of Science.- 1.5 Goal and Scope of Science.- 1.6 Pseudoscience.- 2. Concept.- 2.1 Scientific Languages.- 2.2 Term and Concept.- 2.3 Extension and Intension.- 2.4 Partition, Ordering and Systematics.- 2.5 From Pretheoretical to Theoretical Systematics.- 2.6 Systematics of Concepts.- 3. Elucidation.- 3.1 Vagueness and Borderline Cases.- 3.2 Sharpening.- 3.3 Definition.- 3.4 *Problems of Definition.- 3.5 Interpretation.- 3.6 Interpretation Procedures.- 3.7 Concept ¿Validity¿.- II Scientific Ideas.- 4. Problem.- 4.1 The Spring of Science.- 4.2 *Logic of Problems.- 4.3 Scientific Problems.- 4.4 A Paradigm, a Framework, and a Simile.- 4.5 Heuristics.- 4.6 The End of Scientific Problems.- 4.7 Philosophical Problems.- 5. Hypothesis.- 5.1 Meanings.- 5.2 Formulation.- 5.3 *Kinds: Form and Content.- 5.4 Kinds: Epistemological Viewpoint.- 5.5 Ground.- 5.6 Testability.- 5.7 *Requirements.- 5.8 Functions.- 5.9 Philosophical Hypotheses in Science.- 6. Law.- 6.1 Variables and Invariants.- 6.2 Searching for Law.- 6.3 Kinds.- 6.4 Form and Content.- 6.5 Law Formula and Pattern.- 6.6 Requirements.- 6.7 *Laws of Laws.- 6.8 The Rule of Law.- 7. Theory: Statics.- 7.1 The Nervous System of Science.- 7.2 Conceptual Unity.- 7.3 Deducibility.- 7.4 Abstract Theory and Interpretation.- 7.5 *Probability: Calculus, Models, Misinterpretations.- 7.6 Formal Desiderata.- 8. Theory: Dynamics.- 8.1 Theory Construction.- 8.2 Mathematization.- 8.3 *Reconstruction (Formalization).- 8.4 Reference and Evidence.- 8.5 Depth.- Author Index.