Reproductive tract size, position and fertility in Holstein Cows

Effective an efficient reproductive performance of the cows is essential in the dairy business worldwide. Dairy herd profitability is closely related to reproductive performance of the cows, which is strongly influenced by a multitude of factors. The reproductive performance depends upon the normal structure and functions of genital tract of a cow: it provides the site for the fertilization of oocytes by spermatozoa, for implantation and subsequent development of the embryo, and delivery of the fetus. The cow reproductive tract includes: the oviducts (Fallopian tubes), uterus, cervix, vagina and vulva. The female reproductive tract is also a prominent organ site for disease. Abnormalities in female reproductive tract formation can lead to infertility and even death during pregnancy. Genetic factors or environmental factors, or a combination of these factors, cause the abnormalities.