Portuguese-based pidgins and creoles

Source: Wikipedia. Pages: 24. Chapters: Cape Verdean Creole, Papiamento, Sri Lankan Portuguese Creole, Portuguese-based creole languages, Macanese language, Kristang language, Forro language, Guinea-Bissau Creole, Kristi language, Daman Indo-Portuguese language, Annobonese language, Diu Indo-Portuguese language, Principense language, Angolar language, Indo-Portuguese Creoles, Bidau Creole Portuguese, Portugis language, Papia Tugu language, Pequeno Português. Excerpt: Cape Verdean Creole, also known as Criolo, is a creole language of Portuguese basis, spoken on the islands of Cape Verde. It is the native language of virtually all Cape Verdeans, and it is used as a second language by the Cape Verdean diaspora. The language has particular importance for creolistics studies since it is the oldest (still-spoken) creole, and the most widely spoken Portuguese-based creole. The current designation of this language is "Cape Verdean Creole", but in everyday use the language is simply called "Creole" by its speakers. The names "Cape Verdean" (cabo-verdiano in Portuguese, kabuverdianu in Cape Verdean Creole) and "Cape Verdean language" (língua cabo-verdiana in Portuguese, língua kabuverdianu in Sotavento Creole and língua kabverdian in Barlavento Creole) have been proposed for whenever the language will be standardized. In spite of Cape Verde's small size, each island has developed its own way of speaking Creole. Each of these nine ways (there are 10 islands, one of which is uninhabited) is justifiably a different dialect, but the scholars in Cape Verde usually call them ¿variants¿. These variants can be classified into two branches: in the South there are the Sotavento Creoles, which comprise the Brava, Fogo, Santiago and Maio variants; in the North there are the Barlavento Creoles, which comprise the Boa Vista, Sal, São Nicolau, São Vicente and Santo Antão variants. For more details check the articles about each variant. The linguistic authorities in Cape Verde consider Creole as one language, and not as nine different languages. Since some lexical forms of Cape Verdean Creole can be different according to each variant, the words and the sentences in this article will be presented in compromise model, a kind of ¿middle Creole¿, in order to ease the understanding and in order not to favor any variant. Whenever it will be necessary the phonemic transcription (or sometimes the phonetic transcription) will be shown immediately after the word.