Palladium nanoparticles (Pd-NP) as Catalyst in Animal and Human Cells

Pd is a very precious metal with extraordinary catalytic, powerful mechanical, and electro analytical properties. Palladium nanoparticles of different shapes such as nanobelts, nanorods, nanoplates, and nanotrees were synthesized. This review represents comprehensive knowledge of the toxicological profile of Pd-NPs. The potential of these nanomaterials affect the ecosystem function, and exerts cytotoxic and pro-inflammatory effects in vitro as well as to induce early alterations in different target organs in in vivo models to be reported, further investigations appear to confirm preliminary findings. The advantages and characterization of the physico-chemical properties of Pd-NPs of the complex particles between their intrinsic features and the detected health effects. Environmental assessment is accompanied by biological monitoring investigations focused on verifying and validating experimental biomarkers of exposure and early effects. The evaluation of the risks derived from Pd-NP exposure, in a precautionary manner, to guide the adoption/implementation of comprehensive, preventive and protective strategies to manage the emerging risks and protect the health and safety.