Pain management in operative field

An efficient patient management in endodontic pain is founded with the accurate diagnosis, specific dental treatment as well as application of drug therapy. As a matter of fact, the management of endodontic pain should focus on removal of peripheral mechanisms of hyperalgesia, which normally requires treatment that removes or reduces etiologic factors like bacterial immunologic factors. E.g. the procedures pertaining to both pulpotomy and pulpectomy have been associated with considerable reduction in patient reports of pain as compared to their pretreatment pain levels. On the other hand, pharmacotherapy is frequently required to reduce continued nociceptor input like NSAIDs, local anesthetics and suppress central hyperalgesia (e.g., opioids).