Nootropics

Source: Wikipedia. Pages: 59. Chapters: Modafinil, Methylphenidate, Nootropic, Adderall, Vasopressin, Atomoxetine, Sulbutiamine, Selegiline, 5-Hydroxytryptophan, Galantamine, Vinpocetine, Lecithin, Rasagiline, Dexmethylphenidate, Latrepirdine, Phenibut, Huperzine A, L-655,708, ABT-418, Picamilon, ¿5IA, Ergoloid, Dimethylethanolamine, Citicoline, ZK-93426, Noopept, Ciproxifan, Adrafinil, Pozanicline, Pyritinol, ABT-239, Armodafinil, Tricyanoaminopropene, Carbenoxolone, Gamma-Amino-beta-hydroxybutyric acid, GSK-189,254, Aniracetam, Selank, Cognitive enhancer, A-349,821, Leteprinim, Taltirelin, Phenylpiracetam, Fipexide, Pirisudanol, HT-0712, Alpha-GPC, Bifemelane, S-17092, Ensaculin, Ispronicline, Brivaracetam, P7C3, Meclofenoxate, Nefiracetam, Ro04-6790, Suritozole, FG-7142, AR-R17779, PWZ-029, Rivanicline, Think Gum, Linopirdine, TB-21007, Lu AE58054, Besipirdine, Cyprodenate, Unifiram, Smart drink, PNU-282,987, Rolziracetam, Adafenoxate, Sunifiram, Imuracetam, CRL-40,941, WAY-317,538, Vinconate, Nooglutyl, PF-03654746, SSR-180,711, Sibopirdine. Excerpt: Methylphenidate (Ritalin) is a psychostimulant drug approved for treatment of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder, postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome, and narcolepsy. It may also be prescribed for off-label use in treatment-resistant cases of lethargy, depression, neural insult and obesity. Methylphenidate belongs to the piperidine class of compounds and increases the levels of dopamine and norepinephrine in the brain through reuptake inhibition of the monoamine transporters. Methylphenidate (MPH) possesses structural similarities to amphetamine and its pharmacological effects are more similar to those of cocaine, though MPH is less potent and longer in duration of action. MPH is the most commonly prescribed psychostimulant and works by increasing the activity of the central nervous system. It produces such effects as increasing or maintaining alertness, combating fatigue, and improving attention. The benefits and cost effectiveness of methylphenidate long term are unknown due to a lack of research. The long term effects of methylphenidate on the developing brain are unknown. Methylphenidate is not approved for children under six years of age. Methylphenidate is approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for the treatment of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder The addition of behavioural modification therapy (e.g. cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT)) has additional benefits on treatment outcome. There is a lack of evidence of the effectiveness in the long term of beneficial effects of methylphenidate with regard to learning and academic performance. A meta analysis of the literature concluded that methylphenidate quickly and effectively reduces the signs and symptoms of ADHD in children under the age of 18 in the short term but found that this conclusion may be biased due to the high number of low quality clinical trials in the literature. There have been no placebo controlled trials investigating the long term effectiveness of methylphe