Masticatory Efficiency in Chronic Periodontitis

Occlusal harmony exists when the various components of the masticatory system - teeth, alveolar bone, periodontium, temporomandibular joint, muscles and ligaments are healthy and can withstand the functional stress. Occlusal equilibrium fails in the presence of periodontitis when the bone around the teeth is reduced, tooth mobility is increased and the teeth migrate. This condition may not only result in occlusal overloading of the teeth but also may cause changes in biting and chewing abilities. Mechanoreceptors located in the periodontal ligament provide detailed information on spatial relations and occlusal loads applied, in the fragmentation of food and modulate mastication forces. It is suggested that chronic periodontitis could cause the destruction of dental supporting tissues, with a consequent loss of receptors in the periodontal ligament, leading to tooth mobility and compromised masticatory function. A reduced periodontal ligament due to periodontitis may affect the neural control of masticatory actions due to degradation or changes in sensory function. Periodontal treatment could contribute to tissue regeneration and improvement in mechanoceptor function.