Managing of the Pb-Zn Tailing-s - (key study "Kizhnica" tailing)

During the last century, the volume of generated tailings has grown dramatically as the demand for minerals and metals has increased. Lower grades of ore are being mined considering the advances in extraction and processing technology. According to statistics, in the 1960¿s, tens of thousands of tons of tailings were produced each day and by 2000, this figure increased to 100¿s of thousands. The trends of tailing creation are still going on since the demand for minerals is growing permanently. Despite the development of an advanced technology for mineral extraction and processing, the number of tailing failures has increased, particularly for the last decade. The pollution of the environment has been increased due to lack of adequate and proper management. In addition to environmental disasters and contamination, these tailings left more than 1500 victims and many injured. The cost of each tailing failure has been hundred millions euros on the average. Tailing failure and contamination is not "product of nature¿. Lack and fragile TMF is a main factor for tailing failure. This book is dedicated to students, professionals, engineers and policy makers in field of mining and environmen