Indigenous migrations and plurinational societies

The indigenous cultures of the Andean Cordillera appear today as if they were reconquering the lands lost during the Spanish irruption five centuries ago. The framework chosen rather by force is the city, the only redoubt where one can clearly see a presence of the European way of life in the region. It is in the city where large masses of indigenous population from the middle of the century to the present day are arriving, which is a great cultural shock and where ethnic mixing takes place. The reason why the Andean area is interesting to observe this cultural clash between the indigenous and the Castilian-European, is because of the presence of pre-Columbian cultures with large amounts of population with respect to whites and mestizos. Countries such as Peru, Bolivia or Ecuador have high percentages of indigenous population, which is migrating from the countryside to the colonial city, which makes them reference of this social phenomenon.