History of Mali

Source: Wikipedia. Pages: 77. Chapters: 2010 Sahel famine, Tuareg Rebellion, Gao, Ghana Empire, Jews of Bilad el-Sudan, French West Africa, Pre-Imperial Mali, Oral History in Modern Mali, Kouroukan Fouga, Gao Empire, History of the Soninke people, Sundiata Keita, 2010 West African floods, Samori Ture, Bank of West Africa, Sankore Madrasah, El Hadj Umar Tall, Bamana Empire, Soninke Wangara, Agacher Strip War, Tarikh al-fattash, Takrur, Tarikh al-Sudan, List of colonial heads of Mali, Askia Mohammad I, Azalai, List of heads of government of Mali, Battle of Tondibi, List of heads of state of Mali, Toucouleur Empire, French Sudan, Kénédougou Kingdom, Bamako Initiative, Sonni Ali, Massina Empire, Wassoulou Empire, Seku Amadu, Union of African States, Siege of Medina Fort, Battle of Kirina, Amadu's Jihad, Mali Federation, Balla Fasséké, Ahmad al-Bakkai al-Kunti, Malian franc, Hamdullahi, Bitòn Coulibaly, Soumaoro Kanté, Khasso, Tidiani Tall, Upper Senegal and Niger, Kaarta, Sonni Baru, Battle of Segou, Marka people, United Nations Security Council Resolution 139, Ngolo Diarra, Al-Mukhtar al-Kunti, United Nations Security Council Resolution 159, Asselar man, University of Timbuktu, Ali Coulibaly, Sosso Empire, Mademba Sy, Balobo, Beledougou, National Union of Students and Pupils of Mali, Mansong Diarra, Kaladian Coulibaly, Dinkoro Coulibaly, Revolutionary Liberation Army of Azawad, Tiramakhan Traore. Excerpt: A large-scale, drought-induced famine occurred in Africa's Sahel region and many parts of the neighboring Sénégal River Area and Horn of Africa from February to August 2010. It is one of many famines to have hit the region in recent times. The Sahel is the ecoclimatic and biogeographic zone of transition between the Sahara desert in the north of Africa and the Sudanian savannas in the south, covering an area of 3,053,200 square kilometers. It is a transitional ecoregion of semi-arid grasslands, savannas, steppes, and thorn shrublands. The neighboring Sénégal River Area contains various vegetation types and covers parts or all of Mauritania, Mali, Senegal and Guinea. It has also had very low rainfall over the last year according to the UN, NGOs and the Senegal River Basin Development Authority. Sudan set a new temperature record of 49.7°C (121.3°F) on June the 22nd, in the town of Dongola. Famine and food shortages were present in the following countries during 2010 after heavy rains hit the region in late 2009, followed by a heat wave: Eritrea, the Sudan, the Niger, northern Nigeria, northern Cameroon, Chad, Senegal, Burkina Faso, Mauritania, Mali, Ethiopia, northern Kenya and Djibouti, as well as in parts of the neighboring Sénégal River Area. In December 2009, both USAID and several NGOs predicted an increased food insecurity situation in more of the southern districts of Mali as compared to the same time the previous year. More than a century of rainfall data in the Sahel show an unusually wet period from 1950 until 1970 (positive index values), followed by extremely dry years from 1970 to 1990 (negative index values). From 1990 until present rainfall returned to levels slightly below the 1898-1993 average, but year-to-year variability remains high. Map showing mean rainfall (mm) for the dry season (May 1-September 30) in West Africa. Period 1995-2006. Based on NOAA/CPC Climatology Method Rainfall Estimates. Africa Rainfall Climatology (CPC ARC) Series. Recent "G