Female reproductive biology of camel in relation to thermoregulation

The one-humped camel is capable of living in an extreme, arid environment due to its numerous anatomical adaptations. its modified features of the integumentary system, muscular system, and several internal organs allow this animal to maintain thermoregulation that helps to survive the environmental insults. Similarly, some vascular adaptations are present in the reproductive system of female dromedaries to maintain the regional temperature gradient and help in hormonal transport. There is an arterio-venous complex is present in which several arterial branches of the ovarian artery wrapped around the ovarian vein. The diameter and wall thickness of the ovarian artery and vein are greatly influenced by the season and histological and ultrastructural variation enables the transfer of hormones and heat from the venous blood to arterial blood to produce hormonal paracrine effects. A unique structure, intra-mural venules are seen in the tunics of the ovarian artery which are reported to have a pivotal role in the transfer of heat. Apart from these parameters, this book also tried to describe the link between street indicators called thermal humidity index, season and hormone.