Energy-Efficient Routing Protocol Developed for WSNs

In this book, A Multi-Hop Uniform Clustering Routing (MHUCR) protocol is proposed to balance energy consumption across a network and make efficient use of limited energy to extend the network lifetime of wireless sensor networks. In addition to the MHUCR, the Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA) protocol was developed into the Dynamic Time Division Multiple Access (D-TDMA) protocol in order to avoid the idle listening of all sensor nodes by allocating time slots to each sensor node based on the size of the data that is owned. Then, to exploit the utility of both protocols, employ hybrid D-TDMA and Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA). Finally, to achieve energy-efficient usage, an interaction between the MHUCR and D-TDMA/FDMA is made to design the Network-MAC cross-layer protocol. MATLAB simulation is used to evaluate and investigate the proposed protocol's performance in terms of energy consumption, residual energy of sensor nodes, and network lifetime. The simulation results demonstrated that the proposed cross-layer protocol proved its ability to reduce energy consumption when compared with other literature protocols.