End Anchorage At Simple Supports In Reinforced Concrete

This book reports research on end anchorage at simple supports of reinforced concrete members and treats both straight bars and bars with 90 and 180 bends. The most significant characteristics of straight anchorages at simple supports are their generally short lengths and the presence of transverse pressure from the support reactions. Published work in this area is rather limited. Sixty five tests were made on end anchorages in simply supported beams. The bars had straight anchorages in thirty seven of the tests, 90 bends in fifteen and 180 hooks in thirteen. The main variables were concrete cover, anchorage length, transverse pressure and internal diameters of bends. The results of these tests, together with others from the literature are used to develop expressions for anchorage capacities. Bends and hooks are widely treated in design codes, but their rules appear very arbitrary and seem to lack published substantiation. The approach adopted here is essentially empirical.