Cystourethral catheterization in urolithic small ruminants

The aim of the research is to study comparative efficacy of different commercially available nasogastric or nasoenteral feeding catheters as cystourethral catheters while performing tube cystotomy during pre-, peri- and postoperative surgical management, hydropropulsion of obstructive urolithiasis in small ruminants and bovine calves. Laparo-cystotomy with indwelling cystourethral catheterization with or without urethrotomy has lesser complications, higher success rate, lesser recurrence over long run, lower dependency over medicinal dissolution of calculi, complete restoration of patency of urethral opening, equally economic and quicker attainment of normalcy. Nasoenteral and nasogastric catheters have qualified to be used as cystourethral catheters for their effective length to cover external urethral orifice to urinary bladder, rigid yet flexible nature, smooth wall to reduce trauma, smooth rounded tip to protect the urethral lumen during catheterisation from inner stylet, atraumatic side holes for effective administration , drainage and aspiration and are recommended to elucidate its definite role in the management of urolithiasis in young and adult ruminants.