Automotive transmission technologies

Source: Wikipedia. Pages: 123. Chapters: Clutch, Universal joint, Torque converter, Manual transmission, Dual clutch transmission, Automatic transmission, Continuously variable transmission, Direct-Shift Gearbox, Hybrid Synergy Drive, Differential, Electromagnetic clutch, Electromagnetic brake, Semi-automatic transmission, Limited slip differential, Overdrive, Gear ratio, NuVinci Continuously Variable Planetary Transmission, Global Hybrid Cooperation, Haldex Traction, Epicyclic gearing, Torsen, Fluid coupling, Preselector gearbox, Locking differential, Chain drive, Hydristor, Constant-velocity joint, Non-synchronous transmission, Manumatic, Freewheel, Composite gear housing, Turboglide, Multimode manual transmission, Twin Clutch SST, Variomatic, Gear stick, Hele-Shaw clutch, Powerglide, Torque Vectoring, Transaxle, Multitronic, Corvair Powerglide, Close-ratio transmission, Sequential manual transmission, Borg-Warner 35 transmission, Electrohydraulic manual transmission, Portal axle, Zeroshift, Torque tube, Variable force solenoid, Electronic differential, Justus B. Entz, Hotchkiss drive, Super Select, Crash gearbox, Elastic coupling, Friction drive, Shift knob, Rag joint, Volkswagen 01M transmission, Giubo, Quaife, Starter ring gear, Dog leg gearbox, Parking pawl, Saxomat, Peugeot Hybrid4, Short shifter, Cone clutch, Shift kit, Easytronic, Gear shift, Transmission solenoid, Magnetic particle clutch, Bennual transmission, Rover PG1 transmission, Electrorheological clutch, Hill Start Assist, Cross-drive steering transmission, Inch pedal, Lunchbox locker. Excerpt: A manual transmission, also known as a manual gearbox or standard transmission (informally, a "manual", "straight shift", "stick (shift)" (US), or "straight drive") is a type of transmission used in motor vehicle applications. It generally uses a driver-operated clutch, typically operated by a pedal or lever, for regulating torque transfer from the internal combustion engine to the transmission, and a gear stick, either operated by hand (as in a car) or by foot (as on a motorcycle). A conventional manual transmission is frequently the base equipment in a car; other options include automated transmissions such as an automatic transmission (often a manumatic), a semi-automatic transmission, or a continuously variable transmission (CVT). Manual transmissions often feature a driver-operated clutch and a movable gear stick. Most automobile manual transmissions allow the driver to select any forward gear ratio ("gear") at any time, but some, such as those commonly mounted on motorcycles and some types of racing cars, only allow the driver to select the next-higher or next-lower gear. This type of transmission is sometimes called a sequential manual transmission. Sequential transmissions are commonly used in auto racing for their ability to make quick shifts. Manual transmissions are characterized by gear ratios that are selectable by locking selected gear pairs to the output shaft inside the transmission. Conversely, most automatic transmissions feature epicyclic (planetary) gearing controlled by brake bands and/or clutch packs to select gear ratio. Automatic transmissions that allow the driver to manually select the current gear are called Manumatics. A manual-style transmission operated by computer is often called an automated transmission rather than an automatic. Contemporary automobile manual transmissions typically use four to six forward gears and one reverse gear, although auto...