Adaptations of geese and swans to the Arctic envinronment

The materials of the monograph are based of the long-term field studies of the ecology of the Arctic Anserini. These birds demonstrate the best adaptations to the Arctic environment. The first part of the book contains the description of the basic traits of their ecology, with particular attention to their peculiar features. One of them is the population structure of the species determined by some characteristics common for all species, such as certain behavioral patterns, peculiarities of spatial distribution of various species and genera, etc. In the second part of the book, the main environmental factors (both biotic and abiotic) affecting the life of geese and swans in the Arctic are addressed. The reactions of various members of the tribe Anserini to these factors are described. The main adaptations allowing Anserini to cope with the severe environment and flourish in the Arctic regions are discussed in the third part of the monograph. The author approaches the problem of specification originating from the divergence based on the differences in the body size.