A moment to give, no moment to take

Social marketing might be applied to promote volunteer tourism as findings carried out by the mixed-methods study reported in this book. One of the findings of the qualitative stage showed that motivations in volunteer tourism were considered (a) taking/receiving, (b) giving, and (c) taking/receiving and giving (TRG) motivations. Further, in the qualitative stage, exploratory factor analysis showed that participants in volunteer tourism were motivated by taking/receiving and giving motivations. It means that motivation in volunteer tourism should be considered as multi-variables. Furthermore, when these findings were included in a full model (with other variables included attitude and subjective norm) tested by confirmatory factor analysis, the giving motivation variable retained whereas the taking/receiving motivation was otherwise.