Scientific racism

Source: Wikipedia. Pages: 110. Chapters: Race and intelligence, Eugenics, Arthur de Gobineau, Joseph Widney, Nordic race, Pioneer Fund, Eugenics in the United States, Houston Stewart Chamberlain, Craniometry, Human zoo, The Passing of the Great Race, Brown people, Color terminology for race, Melanin theory, Johann Friedrich Blumenbach, Craniofacial anthropometry, The Race Question, An Essay on the Inequality of the Human Races, The Foundations of the Nineteenth Century, Historical definitions of races in India, Carl Hagenbeck, Negro of Banyoles, Samuel A. Cartwright, Josiah C. Nott, Jacques de Mahieu, Daniel Garrison Brinton, Jean Baptiste Julien d'Omalius d'Halloy, Dysaethesia Aethiopica, The Mongol in Our Midst, Drapetomania, Georges Vacher de Lapouge, Eva Justin, George Gliddon, The Races of Europe, The Rising Tide of Color Against White World-Supremacy, Ilse Schwidetzky, Fritz Schachermeyr, Lev V. Oshanin, Bertil Lundman, Paleo-Europeans. Excerpt: The connection between race and intelligence has been a subject of debate in both popular science and academic research since the inception of intelligence testing in the early 20th century. There are no universally accepted definitions of either race or intelligence in academia, and any discussion of their connection involves studies from multiple disciplines, including psychology, anthropology, biology, and sociology. The official position of the American Anthropological Association is that intelligence cannot be biologically determined by race. The American Psychological Association has said that while there are differences in average IQ between racial groups, and there is no conclusive evidence for environmental explanations, there is even less empirical support for a genetic interpretation, and no adequate explanation for the racial IQ gap is presently available. According to a 1996 statement from the American Association of Physical Anthropologists, although heredity influences behavior in individuals, it does not affect the ability of a population to function in any social setting, and all peoples "possess equal biological ability to assimilate any human culture" and "racist political doctrines find no foundation in scientific knowledge concerning modern or past human populations." Intelligence quotient (IQ) tests performed in the United States have consistently demonstrated a significant degree of variation between different racial groups, with the average score of the African American population being lower-and that of the Asian American population being higher-than that of the European-American population. At the same time, there is considerable overlap between these group scores, and individuals of each group can be found at all points on the IQ spectrum. Similar findings have been reported for related populations around the world, although these studies are generally considered less reliable due to the relative paucity of test data and the difficulties i