Polish intelligence agencies

Source: Wikipedia. Pages: 30. Chapters: Defunct Polish intelligence agencies, Polish intelligence officers, Urzad Ochrony Panstwa, Sluzba Bezpieczenstwa, Edmund Charaszkiewicz, History of Polish intelligence services, Ministry of Public Security, Internal Military Service, Tadeusz Pelczynski, Jan Kowalewski, Polish Military Organisation, Main Directorate of Information of the Polish Army, Military Information Services, Waclaw Jedrzejewicz, Feliks Ankerstein, Mieczyslaw Zygfryd Slowikowski, Tadeusz Schaetzel, Jan Lesniak, Józef Englicht, Stefan Mayer, Tadeusz Puszczynski, Wiktor Tomir Drymmer, Agencja Wywiadu, Agencja Bezpieczenstwa Wewnetrznego. Excerpt: Edmund Kalikst Eugeniusz Charaszkiewicz (Polish pronunciation: ; Poniec, October 14, 1895 ¿ December 22, 1975, London) was a Polish military intelligence officer who specialized in clandestine warfare. Between the World Wars, he helped establish Poland's interbellum borders in conflicts over territory with Poland's neighbors. Also, for a dozen years before World War II, he coordinated Marshal Józef Pilsudski's Promethean movement, aimed at liberating the non-Russian peoples of the Russian Empire and the Soviet Union¿an objective that Pilsudski deemed crucial if Poland, sandwiched between Germany and the Soviet Union, were to preserve her just-regained independence. Edmund Charaszkiewicz was born on October 14, 1895, in Punitz (in Polish, Poniec), in the Province of Posen, an area of the German Empire that had been annexed from Poland by Prussia in the Third Partition of Poland (1795). He was the son of Stanislaw Charaszkiewicz, a building contractor, and Bronislawa, née Rajewska. Edmund completed his elementary schooling in Poniec, then attended secondary schools successively in Krotoszyn, Katowice and Kraków. In the latter city, before World War I, his family lived at ulica Dluga 63 (63 Long Street). In Kraków Edmund graduated from secondary school on December 17, 1915, while already a soldier in the Polish Legions. In that period, it was common for secondary-school students in Galicia to join Polish patriotic paramilitary organizations. On November 1, 1913, Charaszkiewicz, aged 18, joined the Riflemen's Association and in 1913¿14 attended an Association noncommissioned-officers' school, using the pseudonym Kalikst (his second given name). Soon after the outbreak of World War I, on August 4 or 5, 1914, Charaszkiewicz enlisted in the Polish Legions. He served successively in several units and convalesced from several illnesses. In November or December 1917 he was inducted into the Polish Auxiliary Corps (the former Second Brigade of the Polish Legions), in which he