Memory complaints: Diagnostic guide

Assessment of an amnesic syndrome is based on identification of the affected memory system and process, using a neuropsychological assessment, in order to orientate the etiological work-up (encoding, storage or retrieval).Impairments in episodic memory encoding and retrieval are mainly linked to disturbances in attentional capacity, working memory and executive functions, most often of non-degenerative, non-neurological origin. Episodic memory storage disorders should be investigated primarily for non-degenerative, potentially curable causes. In the case of chronic, isolated and progressively worsening storage impairment, a degenerative cause should be considered. Complementary tests (MRI and CSF examination) can confirm degenerative damage and differentiate Alzheimer's disease from other non-Alzheimer's degenerative causes of amnesic presentation, which often progress more slowly.Recognition of a suspicious memory complaint could help clinicians identify people at risk of developing dementia, and could provide them with protective treatment.