Lawns

Source: Wikipedia. Pages: 73. Chapters: Lawn care, Lawn grasses, Lawn weeds, Herbicide, Achillea millefolium, Plantago, Viola, Burdock, Roundup, Lawn mower, Taraxacum, 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid, Festuca arundinacea, Turf maze, Glechoma hederacea, Sand-based athletic fields, Portulaca oleracea, String trimmer, Tree lawn, Capsella bursa-pastoris, Cynodon dactylon, Malva, Plantago major, History of the lawn, Fertigation, Cyperus esculentus, Poa, Agrostis, Bouteloua dactyloides, Organic lawn management, St. Augustine Grass, Zoysia matrella, Pennisetum clandestinum, Groundskeeping, Poa annua, Poa pratensis, Sod, Sir Walter Buffalo Turf, Rumex crispus, Allium vineale, Ryegrass, Agrostis stolonifera, Lawn ornament, Plug, Pesticide drift, Lawns in the United States, Plantago lanceolata, Topsoil, Brush hog, Emerald Zoysia, Edger, Carex tumulicola, Sheep's Fescue, Koeleria macrantha, Lawn aerator, Festuca rubra, Grasscycling, Carex praegracilis, Hydroseeding, Eremochloa ophiuroides, Preemergent herbicides, Concrete landscape curbing, Muhlenbergia schreberi, Linear aeration, Lawn sweeper, Festuca rubra subsp. commutata, Poa arachnifera, Bonded Fibre Matrix, Sprigging, Necrotic zone. Excerpt: Roundup is the brand name of a systemic, broad-spectrum herbicide produced by the U.S. company Monsanto, and contains the active ingredient glyphosate. Glyphosate is the most widely used herbicide in the USA, and Roundup has been the number one selling herbicide worldwide since at least 1980. As of 2009, sales of Roundup herbicides represent about 10% of Monsanto's revenue due to competition from Chinese producers of other glyphosate-based herbicides; the overall Roundup line of products (which includes GM seeds) represents about half of Monsanto's yearly revenue. Monsanto developed and patented the glyphosate molecule in the 1970s, and marketed Roundup from 1973. It retained exclusive rights in the US until its US patent expired in September, 2000, and maintained a predominant marketshare in countries where the patent expired earlier. Pesticides based on these poisonous chemicals, including Roundup have been banned in various countries due to their toxic effects on humans and wildlife. The main active ingredient of Roundup is the isopropylamine salt of glyphosate. Another important ingredient of Roundup is the surfactant POEA (polyethoxylated tallow amine), which is known for its toxicity in wildlife. It increases herbicide penetration in plant and animal cells. Several weed species, known as superweeds, have developed Roundup resistance largely because of repeated exposure. Monsanto also produces seeds which grow into plants genetically engineered to be tolerant to glyphosate, which are known as Roundup Ready crops. The genes contained in these seeds are patented. Such crops allow farmers to use glyphosate as a post-emergence herbicide against most broadleaf and cereal weeds. Soy was the first Roundup Ready crop, and was produced at Monsanto's Agracetus Campus located in Middleton, Wisconsin. Roundup commercial formulations were never submitted to test by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA); its main active ingredient, glyphosate, received EPA