Ethical theories

Source: Wikipedia. Pages: 177. Chapters: Confucianism, Utilitarianism, Moral relativism, Vegetarianism, Moral absolutism, Consequentialism, Hedonism, Nihilism, Objectivism, Ethical naturalism, Ethical non-naturalism, Veganism, Egoism, Natural law, Non-cognitivism, Normative ethics, Collectivism, Speciesism, Internalism and externalism, Pessimism, Egalitarianism, Individualism, Moral universalism, Humanitarianism, Deontological ethics, Antinomianism, Objectivist movement, Emotivism, Catholic Probabilism, Virtue ethics, Contractualism, Aristotelianism, Principlism, Dominant group, Evolutionary ethics, Legalism, Ethical intuitionism, Contextualism, Abolitionism, Expressivism, Moral nihilism, Rational egoism, Moral skepticism, Science of Value, Antinatalism, Paternalism, Prioritarianism, Biocentrism, Projectivism, Carnism, Cynicism, Conventionalism, Aequiprobabilism, Quasi-realism, Value pluralism, Moral rationalism, Veritism, Universal prescriptivism, Utilitarian bioethics, Antisexualism, Personism, Moderate objectivism, Ethical subjectivism, Welfarism, Ethical formalism, Decisionism, Compensationism, Proportionalism, Moral particularism, Accidentalism, Act utilitarianism, Worldcentrism, Extrication morality, Ascriptivism, Rule egoism, Prudentialism. Excerpt: In its most general form, humanitarianism is an ethic of kindness, benevolence and sympathy extended universally and impartially to all human beings, and also to animals. Humanitarianism has been an evolving concept historically but universality is a common element in its evolution. No distinction is to be made in the face of suffering or abuse on grounds of gender, sexual orientation, tribal, caste, religious, national, or species divisions. Humanitarianism can also be described as the acceptance of every human being for plainly just being another human, ignoring and abolishing biased social views, prejudice, and racism in the process, if utilized individually as a practiced viewpoint, or mindset. The Enlightenment idea of reform combined with the ethic of active compassion to inspire the social action of the humanitarian movement. Professor G. M. Trevelyan in his Social History of England has explained the humanitarian movement as a product of the influence of rationalism upon puritanism."The rationalist movement had shaken the persecutor's sword from the hand of faith and religion had been to school with her rival reason. From Milton to Wilberforce the road lay through Voltaire." The reformers diverged widely in their underlying beliefs but were united in their humanitarianism. Thus the Christian individualism of the Quakers, that each person shares the 'inner light' and the Arminianism of the Evangelicals were both differently based from the Lockean or Kantian individualism of a Philosophe or a Utilitarian, but all recognized the equal moral significance of the human person and that the disregard of it was wrong. What also united them was the new idea of reform to remove those wrongs. And so in many of the major areas of humanitarian reform, Christians and rationalists worked together: in the case of slavery; William Wilberforce, the Buxtons but also Jeremy Bentham and Condorcet; in the case of working conditions; evangelicals such as Lord Shaftesbury but also R