Crusades

Source: Wikipedia. Pages: 180. Chapters: Saladin, Tyre, Lebanon, Beirut, Peter the Hermit, Holy Lance, Franco-Mongol alliance, Komnenian Byzantine army, Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia, Kingdom of Heaven, Spanish Armada, Military history of the Crusader states, Tripoli, Lebanon, Armeno-Mongol relations, Great Seljuq Empire, Savoyard crusade, Ghazan, Pisan-Genoese expeditions to Sardinia, Mongol invasions of Syria, Seljuq dynasty, Siege of Vienna, Saladin in Egypt, Tarsus, Mersin, Knights Templar in England, Order of Saint Lazarus, Historiography of the Crusades, Fall of Ruad, Decline of the Byzantine Empire, Byblos, Lusignan dynasty, Hulagu Khan, Amioun, History of the Jews and the Crusades, Hauteville family, Council of Clermont, Steven Nissen, Danishmends, Shaizar, Arn - The Knight Templar, Ma`arat al-Nu`man, Oultrejordain, Knights Templar in Scotland, Byzantine-Mongol alliance, Frisian participation in the Crusades, Batroun, Drengot family, Montlhéry, Fall of Tripoli, Knights of Saint Thomas, Tower of David, Pactum Warmundi, List of rulers of Montferrat, Seleucia Pieria, Av HaRachamim, Trinitarian Order, List of monarchs of the Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia, Saladin tithe, Zengid dynasty, Siege of Tyre, Enfeh, Navarrese Company, Art of the Crusades, House of Courtenay, Recueil des Historiens des Croisades, Council of Piacenza, Siege of Tripoli, A History of the Crusades, Guy of Ibelin, bishop of Limassol, Arn - The Kingdom at Road's End, Quantum praedecessores, Turcopole, Council of Mantua, Feast of the Pheasant, Bull of the Crusade, Rashid ad-Din Sinan, Monumenta Germaniae Historica, Isol the Pisan, Shepherds' Crusade, Lordship of Ramla, Bibliothèque des Ecoles françaises d'Athènes et de Rome, Order of Mountjoy, Rychaldus, Letter of the Karaite elders of Ascalon, Frangistan, Lordship of Sidon, Ghazi II Saif ud-Din, Smyrniote crusades, Revue de l'Orient Latin, Great German Pilgrimage of 1064-1065, Audita tremendi, Siege of Jerusalem, Templar of Tyre, Mos Teutonicus, Yarankash, Maraclea, Cartulaire général de l'ordre des Hospitaliers, Leonhard Reichartinger, Third Swedish Crusade, Bishop of Acre. Excerpt: Franco-Mongol relations were established in the 13th century, as attempts were made towards forming a Franco-Mongol alliance between the Christian Crusaders and the Mongol Empire against various Muslim empires. Such an alliance would have seemed a logical choice: the Mongols were sympathetic to Christianity as they had many influential Nestorian Christians in the Mongol court. The Franks (Europeans) were open to the idea of assistance coming from the East, due to the long-running legend of a mythical Prester John, an Eastern king in a magical kingdom who many believed would arrive someday to help with the Crusades in the Holy Land. They also shared a common enemy in the Muslim empires. However, despite generations of messages, gifts, and emissaries, the often-proposed alliance was never achieved. Contact between the Europeans and Mongols began around 1220, through infrequent messages from the Papacy or European monarchs, to Mongol leaders such as the Great Khan, and later to the Ilkhans in Mongol-conquered Iran. The pattern of communications tended to repeat, with the Europeans asking the Mongols to convert to Western Christianity, and the Mongols simply responding with demands for submission and tribute. The Mongols had already conquered other Christian nations in their advance across Asia, including the Kingdoms of Georgia and Cilician A...