Boscovich's Cosmology

In Roger Boscovich's Theory of Natural Philosophy (1758), the dynamics of matter is described by a force curve. At large distances between substantial dots of matter, the force curve is similar to Newtonian gravity, but not the same. Gravity is integrative for the visible universe, but not for the hypothetical multitude of universes separated by the repulsive force, compared to the modern concept of dark energy and the discovery of the accelerated expansion of the universe. Boscovich anticipate contemporary cosmological discoveries. In his concept of continuous forces, Faraday recognizes (1844), the idea of a dynamic electromagnetic field, which was completed by Maxwell, while Einstein later predicted the existence of gravitational waves recently detected (2015-2917)-LIGO project. The wave nature of matter is found in his theory on the small scale of the force curve. Long before quantum theory, he set up a "model of the atom", by quantizing the motion of particles which was directly taken up by J. J. Thomson (1907) and applied by N. Bohr (1913). Boscovich's theory is the forerunner of field theories, thermodynamics, kinetic theory of matter and quantum mechanics.