Anionic phosphate gemini surfactants

Gemini surfactants are a new class of surfactants. They are made up of two identical or different amphiphiles moieties having the structure of conventional (monomeric) surfactants connected by a spacer group. Geminis are known for their superior properties such as the low critical micelle concentration (cmc), high efficiency of reducing the surface tension of water, and micelle structural characteristics. Anionic geminis are further sub classified into four types i.e. sulphate, sulphonate, carboxylate and phosphate. Phosphate gemini surfactants are a class of gemini surfactants. Phosphate esters represent specialty surfactants fitting a number of niche markets. The phosphate gemini surfactants found application as antistatic agents, emulsifiers, wetting agents, and hydrotropes. The aim of this book is to provide up to date information on synthesis and characterization of higher fatty alcohols based anionic phosphate gemini surfactants. Physicochemical and surface active properties of synthesized anionic phosphate gemini surfactants have been studied thoroughly.