Anemias

Source: Wikipedia. Pages: 65. Chapters: Deaths from anemia, Haemolytic anaemias, Nutritional anemias, Scurvy, Hemoglobinopathy, Sickle-cell disease, Iron deficiency anemia, Pernicious anemia, Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency, Thalassemia, Hemolytic anemia, Hereditary elliptocytosis, Hemolytic-uremic syndrome, Peter Zezel, Diamond¿Blackfan anemia, Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria, Anemia of prematurity, Sickle cell trait, Aplastic anemia, Hereditary spherocytosis, Beta-thalassemia, Folate deficiency, Anemia of chronic disease, Megaloblastic anemia, Adam Beck, Leatrice Joy, Warm autoimmune hemolytic anemia, Robert Abbe, Harrison Price, Plummer-Vinson syndrome, Enrico Rastelli, Southeast Asian ovalocytosis, Arthur Pink, Alpha-thalassemia, Robert Bruce McCoy, Triosephosphate isomerase deficiency, Hereditary stomatocytosis, Macrocytic anemia, Nakayama Gishu, Rosa Lobato de Faria, Pyruvate kinase deficiency, Myelophthisic anemia, Paroxysmal cold hemoglobinuria, Acquired hemolytic anemia, Leah Baird, Congenital dyserythropoietic anemia, Drug-induced nonautoimmune hemolytic anemia, Hereditary persistence of fetal hemoglobin, Microangiopathic hemolytic anemia, Hypochromic anemia, Nina Lawson, Normocytic anemia, Congenital hemolytic anemia, Drug-induced autoimmune hemolytic anemia, Hexokinase deficiency, Mechanical hemolytic anemia, Non sideropenic hypochromic anaemias, Acute posthemorrhagic anemia, Minkowski-Chauffard syndrome, Ineffective erythropoiesis. Excerpt: Sickle-cell disease (SCD), or sickle-cell anaemia (or anemia; SCA) or drepanocytosis, is an autosomal recessive genetic blood disorder, with overdominance, characterized by red blood cells that assume an abnormal, rigid, sickle shape. Sickling decreases the cells' flexibility and results in a risk of various complications. The sickling occurs because of a mutation in the haemoglobin gene. Life expectancy is shortened, with studies reporting an average life expectancy of 42 in males and 48 in females. Sickle-cell disease, usually presenting in childhood, occurs more commonly in people (or their descendants) from parts of tropical and sub-tropical regions where malaria is or was common. One-third of all indigenous inhabitants of Sub-Saharan Africa carry the gene, because in areas where malaria is common, there is a fitness benefit in carrying only a single sickle-cell gene (sickle cell trait). Those with only one of the two alleles of the sickle-cell disease, while not more resistant, are more tolerant of infection and thus show less severe symptoms when infected. The prevalence of the disease in the United States is approximately 1 in 5,000, mostly affecting Americans of Sub-Saharan African descent, according to the National Institutes of Health. In the United States, about 1 in 500 African-American children born will have sickle-cell anaemia. Sickle-cell anaemia is the name of a specific form of sickle-cell disease in which there is homozygosity for the mutation that causes HbS. Sickle-cell anaemia is also referred to as "HbSS", "SS disease", "haemoglobin S" or permutations thereof. In heterozygous people, who have only one sickle gene and one normal adult haemoglobin gene, it is referred to as "HbAS" or "sickle cell trait". Other, rarer forms of sickle-cell disease include sickle-haemoglobin C disease (HbSC), sickle beta-plus-thalassaemia (HbS/ß) and sickle beta-zero-thalassaemia (HbS/ß). These other forms of sickle-cell disease are compound heterozygou...