Abbreviation in microbiology and immunology

Using abbreviation in medicine is very common including hospital orders (the patient-directed part of which is referred to as sig codes) and also abbreviations for pharmaceuticals or drug name suffixes such as CD, CR, ER, XT. Most of medical textbooks and articles use abbreviation for saving space and establishing symbols instead of the long phrases. These abbreviations are so common that are using daily and the original words or phrases are forgotten, for example MRI for magnetic resonance imaging. Abbreviation are used commonly in microbiology and immunology texts. Some abbreviations are used for two or more target words or phrase, but most of them are special. All common and uncommon abbreviations used in medical microbiology and immunology textbooks are collected and presented alphabetically in this book. Abbreviation which need to explain in long sentences are presented in last section of the book.