{"product_id":"producers-and-scroungers-strategies-of-exploitation-and-parasitism-von-c-j-barnard","title":"Producers and Scroungers","description":"Many associations between organisms, both intra-and interspecific, can be usefully regarded as 'producer\/scrounger' (P\/S) relationships. One or more individuals or species (scroungers) within the association in some way use the behavioural or physiological investment of others (pro ducers) to reduce their costs of obtaining a limited resource. Examples are legion: many parasites take up more or less permanent residence in or on a host individual and use the host's ingestive, digestive or circu latory processes to reduce their own feeding costs; pirate (ldepto parasitic) individuals or species exploit the foraging investment of 'host' individuals\/species by stealing procured food; inter- and intraspecific brood parasites exploit the nest-building behaviour and parental care of other species\/individuals; non-displaying 'satellite' males may usurp matings (ldeptogamy) from higher ranking males whose display effort has attracted females to a courtship gathering, and so on. Scroungers appear to reduce the costs of exploiting a resource by letting producers invest the necessary time and energy in foraging, building, incubating, displaying, defending, evolving anti-predator adaptations, etc. , and then usurping the results of their efforts. The utility of scrounging, however, is conditional on a number of factors including the availability of producers, the number of scroungers exploiting them, the cost of scrounging in terms of producer avoidance, defence and\/or retaliation, the value of the limited resource and the scope for alternative strategies of resource exploitation. This book brings together theoretical and empirical studies of PIS relationships in a wide variety of contexts and species.\u003cdiv class=\"aw-variant-hidden-subtitle-div\" id=\"aw-variant-subtitle-9781461597865\"\u003e\u003ch3\u003eStrategies of Exploitation and Parasitism\u003c\/h3\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e","brand":"Libri","offers":[{"title":"Softcover - 9781461597865","offer_id":39417041387613,"sku":"9781461597865","price":53.49,"currency_code":"EUR","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0940\/0622\/files\/34d34865-806e-4d97-b6ab-f9ab97144267.jpg?v=1775707424","url":"https:\/\/shop.autorenwelt.de\/products\/producers-and-scroungers-strategies-of-exploitation-and-parasitism-von-c-j-barnard","provider":"Autorenwelt Shop","version":"1.0","type":"link"}