{"product_id":"neuropsychological-studies-of-nonfocal-brain-damage-dementia-and-trauma-von-harry-whitaker-hrsg","title":"Neuropsychological Studies of Nonfocal Brain Damage","description":"\u003cp\u003eIn summary, considerable controversy and research have been generated from the automatic\/effortful distinction. Hasher and Zacks (1979) initially stated that all manipulations (e. g. , practice, individual differences such as age, orienting instructions) must produce null effects in order to satisfy the criteria that a process is \"automatic. \" However, Zacks et al. (1984) have more recently noted that automatic processes may range in degree from relative insensitivity to task and subject variables (e. g. , frequency processing) to those that are more vulnera­ ble to disruptive effects (e. g. , temporal processing). A review of the literature reveals that individuals are sensitive to frequency information even if manipUla­ tions alter the slope of the judgments. Perhaps the application of dual-task metho­ dology to the measurement of capacity demands will be useful in classifying processes along an attentional continuum. Moreover, there has been a tendency to dichotomize automatic\/effortful processes rather than to characterize them as ranging from low to high attentional demands. Recent evidence (Maki \u0026amp; Ostby, 1987) suggests that attention may be important only in the initial (early) stages of processing frequency information. Therefore, a major difference that may emerge between automatic and effortful processing could be the degree of sus­ tained attention required from individuals. In the following section, we review the findings obtained in the application of the automatic\/effortful framework to the elderly and neurological\/psychiatric populations.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"aw-variant-hidden-subtitle-div\" id=\"aw-variant-subtitle-9781461387534\"\u003e\u003ch3\u003eDementia and Trauma\u003c\/h3\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e","brand":"Libri","offers":[{"title":"Softcover - 9781461387534","offer_id":39415119085661,"sku":"9781461387534","price":53.49,"currency_code":"EUR","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0940\/0622\/files\/c232feb7-cffd-46e0-b36d-bd766f4ca2f6.jpg?v=1775621490","url":"https:\/\/shop.autorenwelt.de\/products\/neuropsychological-studies-of-nonfocal-brain-damage-dementia-and-trauma-von-harry-whitaker-hrsg","provider":"Autorenwelt Shop","version":"1.0","type":"link"}