{"product_id":"japanese-american-positionality-in-hawaii-and-on-the-mainland-von-stephanie-wossner","title":"Japanese American Positionality in Hawaii and on the mainland","description":"\u003cp\u003eSeminar paper from the year 2002 in the subject American Studies - Culture and Applied Geography, grade: A-, San Francisco State University (Ethnic Studies), course: AAS 710 Critical Approaches, language: English, abstract: From the beginning of the Twentieth Century, there have been quite a number of watershed\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eevents in American as well as World History. The term ¿watershed¿ refers to a turning point\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003ein history. Examples are the Great Depression in the 1930s, World War Two in the 1940s,\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003ethe Cold War beginning in the 1950s, the Civil Rights Movements in the US (and Third World\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eLiberation Movements, their international counterparts) beginning in the 1960s, the downfall\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eof communism and the rise of terrorism in the 1980s, and 9\/11 in 2001. Those watersheds\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003ehave had political, social and economic consequences on different groups and in different\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003espheres, ranging from local to global dimensions.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eJapanese Americans and their position in American society were effected by all those\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003ewatershed events. Western Colonialism in Asia envisioned the Japanese as the primitive\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e¿Other¿ of the modern United States1. After having opened Japan by force in 1853, the US\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003ewelcomed Japanese immigrants for a short time as a cheap source of labor. Long before the\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eGreat Depression hit the United States, however, anti-Japanese American sentiment, which\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003ewas due to racial hatred and supposed economic competition, grew bigger and bigger,\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eculminating in the Oriental Exclusion Act of 1924. During the Second World War, Japanese\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eAmericans residing primarily on the West Coast were put into internment camps. Dubbed a\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e¿military necessity,¿ this internment of approximately 110.000 persons of Japanese ancestry,\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003ea majority of whom were American citizens, was, in reality, solely triggered by racial hatred.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIn the 1950s, during the Cold War, Japan, as Asiäs only democracy, switched roles with\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eCommunist China and became an ally of the United States. This had immediate\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003econsequences on the attitude towards Japanese Americans in the US. The Civil Rights Movement and the Third World Liberation Movements were closely linked to the Cold War in\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003ethat of all the anti-communist countries, the United States was the only one which had not\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003ebeen economically ruined by the preceding war. Thus, the United States was expected to be\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003ethe guardian of democracy and had to live up to its proclaimed ideals of equality and\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003efreedom. The Cold War and the Civil Rights Movement gave Asian Americans in general,\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eand Japanese Americans in particular, unprecedented opportunities, such as electoral\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eempowerment, the repeal of exclusion laws, and to a certain extent social mobility. [...]\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"aw-variant-hidden-subtitle-div\" id=\"aw-variant-subtitle-9783640475919\"\u003e\u003ch3\u003e\u003c\/h3\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e","brand":"Libri","offers":[{"title":"Softcover - 9783640475919","offer_id":39429102141533,"sku":"9783640475919","price":17.95,"currency_code":"EUR","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0940\/0622\/files\/d8aad18b-0fbf-43f1-9f3e-4d5d5e238fd1.jpg?v=1777613862","url":"https:\/\/shop.autorenwelt.de\/products\/japanese-american-positionality-in-hawaii-and-on-the-mainland-von-stephanie-wossner","provider":"Autorenwelt Shop","version":"1.0","type":"link"}