{"product_id":"geographic-information-science-third-international-conference-gi-science-2004-adelphi-md-usa-october-20-23-2004-proceedings-von-max-j-egenhofer-christian-freksa-harvey-j-miller-hrsg","title":"Geographic Information Science","description":"This section gives a description of notions used throughout this study. Current achievements in developing action-centered ontologies are also discussed. 2.1 Ontologies In the context of information extraction and retrieval, different kinds of ontologies can be distinguished [15]: • Top-level ontologies describe very general concepts like space and time, not depending on a particular domain, • Domain ontologies and task ontologies describe the vocabulary related to a generic domain or kind of task, detailing the terms used in the top-level ontology, • Application ontologies describe the concepts that depend on the particular domain and task within a specific activity. Several investigations have been conducted to bring actions (tasks) to bear on - tologies. Among them are Chandrasekaran et al. [6] and Mizoguchi et al. [23] in the fields of AI and Knowledge Engineering. For the geospatial domain, Kuhn [21] and Raubal and Kuhn [26] have attempted to support human actions in ontologies for transportation. Acknowledging the importance of human actions in the geographic domain, a research workshop was held in 2002, bringing together experts from diff- ent disciplines to share the knowledge and work on this issue [1]. Camara [5], one of the workshop participants, has proposed that action-driven spatial ontologies are formed via category theory, for the case of emergency action plans.\u003cdiv class=\"aw-variant-hidden-subtitle-div\" id=\"aw-variant-subtitle-9783540235583\"\u003e\u003ch3\u003eThird International Conference, GI Science 2004 Adelphi, MD, USA, October 20-23, 2004 Proceedings\u003c\/h3\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e","brand":"Libri","offers":[{"title":"Softcover - 9783540235583","offer_id":39433803268189,"sku":"9783540235583","price":53.49,"currency_code":"EUR","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0940\/0622\/files\/397f56be-cf46-4711-a735-cbaeeb0c881b.jpg?v=1782451996","url":"https:\/\/shop.autorenwelt.de\/products\/geographic-information-science-third-international-conference-gi-science-2004-adelphi-md-usa-october-20-23-2004-proceedings-von-max-j-egenhofer-christian-freksa-harvey-j-miller-hrsg","provider":"Autorenwelt Shop","version":"1.0","type":"link"}