{"product_id":"column-transparency-and-precipitable-water-in-estonia-von-oleg-okulov-und-hanno-ohvril","title":"Column transparency and precipitable water in Estonia","description":"\u003cp\u003eMultiannual changes in atmospheric column  transparency, based on measurements of direct solar  radiation and precipitable water express various  tendencies in climatic changes. Time series of  atmospheric transparency are calculated for  Estonian, Spanish, Russian and Kyrgyzian stations  covering together a 70-year period. The comparison  of time series revealed that decrease in ransparency  during 1962¿1984 coincides with extensive  development of industry, energetics, transport and  agriculture. The trend ends with a steep decline of  transparency after a series of volcanic eruptions of  Soufriere (1979), St. Helens (1980), Alaid (1981)  and El Chichón (1982). From 1984 to 1990 the  atmosphere remarkably restored its clarity, almost  reaching the level of the 1960s. Following the  eruption of Mt. Pinatubo (1991), there was the most  significant reduction in transparency of the postwar  period. The clearing from 1993 evidently indicates a  decrease in the content of aerosol particles and,  besides the absence of volcanic activity, may  therefore be also traced to changes in technology,  to general industrial and agricultural decline in  the former USSR and Eastern Europe.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"aw-variant-hidden-subtitle-div\" id=\"aw-variant-subtitle-9783838393834\"\u003e\u003ch3\u003eVariability during the last decades\u003c\/h3\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e","brand":"Autorenwelt Shop","offers":[{"title":"Softcover - 9783838393834","offer_id":39499095375965,"sku":"9783838393834","price":49.0,"currency_code":"EUR","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0940\/0622\/files\/73c69c9c-e1f8-418a-ad7e-f8d72891a30d.jpg?v=1773383056","url":"https:\/\/shop.autorenwelt.de\/products\/column-transparency-and-precipitable-water-in-estonia-von-oleg-okulov-und-hanno-ohvril","provider":"Autorenwelt Shop","version":"1.0","type":"link"}