{"product_id":"biophysics-and-the-challenges-of-emerging-threats-von-undefined","title":"Biophysics and the Challenges of Emerging Threats","description":"Single-molecule techniques eliminate ensemble averaging, thus revealing transient or rare species in heterogeneous systems [1–3]. These approaches have been employed to probe myriad biological phenomena, including protein and RNA folding [4–6], enzyme kinetics [7, 8], and even protein biosynthesis [1, 9, 10]. In particular, immobilization-based fluorescence te- niques such as total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy (TIRF-M) have recently allowed for the observation of multiple events on the millis- onds to seconds timescale [11–13]. Single-molecule fluorescence methods are challenged by the instability of single fluorophores. The organic fluorophores commonly employed in single-molecule studies of biological systems display fast photobleaching, intensity fluctuations on the millisecond timescale (blinking), or both. These phenomena limit observation time and complicate the interpretation of fl- rescence fluctuations [14, 15]. Molecular oxygen (O) modulates dye stability. Triplet O efficiently 2 2 quenches dye triplet states responsible for blinking. This results in the for- tion of singlet oxygen [16–18]. Singlet O reacts efficiently with organic dyes, 2 amino acids, and nucleobases [19, 20]. Oxidized dyes are no longer fluor- cent; oxidative damage impairs the folding and function of biomolecules. In the presence of saturating dissolved O , blinking of fluorescent dyes is sup- 2 pressed, but oxidative damage to dyes and biomolecules is rapid. Enzymatic O -scavenging systems are commonly employed to ameliorate dye instability. 2 Small molecules are often employed to suppress blinking at low O levels.\u003cdiv class=\"aw-variant-hidden-subtitle-div\" id=\"aw-variant-subtitle-9789048123667\"\u003e\u003ch3\u003e\u003c\/h3\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e","brand":"Autorenwelt Shop","offers":[{"title":"Hardcover - 9789048123667","offer_id":39530578509917,"sku":"9789048123667","price":160.49,"currency_code":"EUR","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0940\/0622\/files\/e7a28765-27fd-43f5-a0bf-c6fe16751a52.jpg?v=1782197459","url":"https:\/\/shop.autorenwelt.de\/products\/biophysics-and-the-challenges-of-emerging-threats-von-undefined","provider":"Autorenwelt Shop","version":"1.0","type":"link"}