{"product_id":"universals-in-facial-expression-von-thuy-nguyen","title":"Universals in facial expression","description":"\u003cp\u003eSeminar paper from the year 2005 in the subject English Language and Literature Studies - Linguistics, grade: 1,7, University of Duisburg-Essen, course: Non-verbal aspects of communication , language: English, abstract: This essay deals with the question whether facial expressions are universal meaning\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003ethat all cultures use the same mimics for expressing a certain feeling. Are these\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eexpressions innate or do they have to be learned?\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eFirst, I will give an overview of Charles Darwin¿s theory about the universality of facial\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eexpressions because he was the first who dealt in detail with this issue.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe chapter is subdivided in three parts: the first part describes the relationship\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003ebetween the facial expressions of nonhuman primates and human primates. The\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003efollowing part deals with Darwin¿s observations of the facial expression in infants and\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003echildren including those children that have no opportunity to learn facial expressions\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003efrom others. Finally, Darwin¿s method of cross-cultural study in order to provide\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eevidence for his claim will be presented.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe second chapter depicts the behaviourists¿ position that in contrast to the\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eUniversalists¿ point of view is based on the belief that all facial expressions are\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003elearned and culturally bound.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe main chapter represents the most current and detailed research of facial\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eexpressions. The studies of Paul Ekman and Wallace Friesen refer mainly to Darwin\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003ebut also consider the cultural aspect. They introduce a neurocultural theory of\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eemotions, showing that the facial behaviour itself is determined by biological factors\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eas well as by social factors. Further, I will give a summary of three important\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eexperiments Ekman and Friesen conducted in order to proof that the facial\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eexpressions for the six basic emotions are universal.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e[...]\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"aw-variant-hidden-subtitle-div\" id=\"aw-variant-subtitle-9783640173013\"\u003e\u003ch3\u003e\u003c\/h3\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e","brand":"Libri","offers":[{"title":"Softcover - 9783640173013","offer_id":39440517824605,"sku":"9783640173013","price":17.95,"currency_code":"EUR","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0940\/0622\/files\/3b417c2e-03a0-4701-9f95-0764f191f89e.jpg?v=1777609794","url":"https:\/\/shop.autorenwelt.de\/en\/products\/universals-in-facial-expression-von-thuy-nguyen","provider":"Autorenwelt Shop","version":"1.0","type":"link"}